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Study on Properties of Concrete Made with Industrial Waste
K. Sukumar
Pages: 1-7 | First Published: 05 Jun 2020
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Abstract
The quick people increase, mechanical activities and living examples are delivering grouping of waste materials. These from one viewpoint require over the top expulsion practices and inestimable land while on the other hand filthy the particular basic resources and atmosphere. Further, a huge load of normal resources are being depleted at much speedier rate now than at some other time. The usage of waste or waste outcome for substitutions of concrete and absolute has extraordinarily added to practical improvement practices. The replacement of cement and sums by waste materials either mostly or in whole improves the mechanical properties too viz., compressive quality, flexural quality, inflexibility, bond quality, modulus of adaptability and diminishes permeability, chloride passage and chloride scattering of concrete. The helpfulness of waste concrete is normally improved. In this paper, a review of the effects of waste joining on the properties of new and hardened concrete is presented.


Keywords: Waste materials; Flexural quality; Modulus adaptability, M Sand, Ceramic Waste.,

References
1. Abdus Salaam Cadersa, Jaylina Rana and Toolseeram Ramjeawon (2014), Assessing the Durability of Coal Bottom Ash as Aggregate Replacement in Low Strength Concrete, Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5(5), pp. 344-349.
2. Anna Halicka, Pawel Ogrodnik and Bartosz Zegardlo (2013), Using ceramic sanitary ware waste as concrete aggregate, Construction and building materials, Vol. 48, pp. 295-305.

3. Derrick J. Anderson, Scott T. Smithand and Francis Au T.K. (2016), Mechanical properties of concrete utilizing waste ceramic as coarse aggregate, Construction and building materials, Vol. 117, pp. 20-28.
4. Devananda Reddy and Krishnamurthy (2017), Experimented on mechanical properties of high strength concrete for M60 grade concrete, Construction and building materials, Vol. 95, pp. 55-59.
5. Devananda Reddy and Krishnamurthy (2017), Experimented on mechanical properties of high strength concrete for M60 grade concrete, Construction and building materials, Vol. 95, pp. 55-59.
6. Etaveni Madhavi, Vengal Rao. A, Chandra Shekar. A and Prabhaker. M (2016), Experimental Study of Coarse Aggregates and Fine Aggregates Replaced By Ceramic Waste and Quarry Dust, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5(4), pp. 2347-6710.
7. Gopinath. D and Senthamarai. RM (2012), Study the ceramic waste aggregate as replacement for conventional stone aggregate, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 2, pp. 10-13.
8. Kou shi-congand poon chi-sun (2009), Properties of concrete prepared with crushed fine stone furnaces bottom ash and fine recycled aggregates as fine aggregates, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 23, pp. 2877-2886. 9. Sudharsan, N,& Sivalingam, K. (2019). Potential utilization of waste material for sustainable development in construction industry. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3), 3435–3438.
10. Pacheco Torgal. F and Jalali. S (2010), Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete, Construction and building materials, Vol. 24, pp. 832-838. 11. Sudharsan, N., & Palanisamy, T. (2018). A comprehensive study on potential use of waste materials in brick for sustainable development. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 24, S339–S343.
12. Malkit Singh and Rafat Siddique (2015), Properties of concrete containing high volumes of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 91, pp. 269-278.
13. Paul O. Awoyera, Joseph O. Akinmusuru and Julius M. Ndambuki (2016), Green concrete production with ceramic wastes and laterite, Construction and building materials, Vol. 117, pp. 29-36.
14. Purushothaman. M and Senthamarai. RM (2013), Strength properties of high performances concrete using bottom ash as in aggregate, International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 35-40.
15. Remyaraju, Mathews M, Paul and Aboobacker K.A (2014), Strength Performances of Concrete using Bottom ash as fine aggregate, International journal of research, Vol. 2, pp. 111-121.
16. Senthamarai R.M and Devadas Manoharan. P (2005), Concrete with ceramic waste aggregate, Cement and concrete composites, Vol. 27, pp. 910-913.
17. Subramani T and suresh B (2015), Experimental investigation of using ceramic waste as a coarse aggregate making a light weight concrete, International journal of Application or innovation in Engineering & Management, Vol. 4, pp. 153-162.
18. Weiguo shen, Zhenguo Yang, Lianghong Cao, Liu Cao, Yi Liu, Hui Yang, Zili Lu and Jian Bai (2016), Characterized the particle shape and surface texture of M sand and behavior of concrete, Construction and building materials, Vol. 114, pp. 595-601.
19. XinXin Ding, Changyong, Yangyang Xu, Fenglan Li and Shunbo Zhao (2016), Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Manufactured Sand Concrete, Construction and building materials, Vol.108, pp. 67-73. 20. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2014). Study on the flexural strength of coal ash brick masonry wall elements. Journal of Structural Engineering (India), 41(4), 410–419. 21. Sudharsan, N, & Saravanaganesh, S. (2019). Feasibility studies on waste glass powder. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(8), 1644–1647. 22. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2013). Study on properties of bricks manufactured using fly ash and pond ash. Pollution Research, 32(2), 405–409. 23. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2016). Experimental Investigations on the Properties of Coal-Ash Brick Units as Green Building Materials. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 36(6), 318–325.
24. N. Sudharsan, T. Palanisamy, S. C. Yaragal, (2018), Environmental sustainability of waste glass as a valuable construction material - A critical review. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 24 pp. S331–S338.

Experimental and Analytical Investigations on Flexural Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Sandwich Panels
R. R. Venkatesan
Pages: 8-17 | First Published: 05 Jun 2020
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Abstract
Fiber Reinforcement Polymer (FRP) composites are commonly used for helper, present day and bio-clinical applications due to their assurance from utilization, high solidarity to weight extents, the ability to manage with no issue. FRP sandwich sheets are considered for the current assessment, focused in on the preliminary and consistent assessments of FRP sandwich sheets particularly with respect to stack passing on limit under tension and strain, and strategy for frustration. In the essential time of this assessment, the going with starter considers are made, Experimental examination of loads up under strain and pressure and their capacities. Further, these examinations are upgraded through test showing and assessment of FRP sandwich sheets made by implantation measure and the results will be utilized for extra proposition.


Keywords: Fiber Reinforcement Polymer (FRP); polyurethane foam (PU foam); Experimental assessment; Analytical examination.

References
1. Amir Fam, Tarek Sharaf (2010), ‘Flexural performance of sandwich panels comprising of polyurethane core and GFRP skins and ribs of various configurations, composites part B, vol:92, pp.2927-2935.
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3. Hesham Tuwair, Jeffery volz, Mohammed A.Elgawady (2015), Testing and evaluation of polyurethane-based GRFP sandwich bridge deck panels with polyurethane foam core’ American Society of Civil Engineers,No.1061.
4. Heshan, (2015), „Evaluation of sandwich panels with various polyurethane foam core and ribs‟, composites part B,vol:79,pp.262-276.
5. Julio F.Davalos,Pizhong Qiao,x.Frank xu, Justin (2011), Molding and characterization of fibre –reinforced plastic honeycomb sandwich panel for highway bridge application‟ composite structures, vol:52,pp.441-442.
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8. Mohammed,A.Mousa, Nasim Uddin (2009), Experimental and analytical study of carbon fibre reinforced polymer/ autoclaved aerated concrete sandwich panels, Engineering structures, vol:31, pp.2337-2344.
9. Sourabha, S.Havaldar, Ramesh S.Sharma. (2013), Experimental investigation of dynamic characteristics of multilayer PU foam sandwich panels‟, Journals of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, vol:1,pp.201-206.
10. Zhimin Wu, Weiqing , Liu, Lu Wang, Haifang , David Hul(2014), Theoretical and experimental study of foam-filled lattice composite panels under quasi static compression loading‟, composites part B , vol:60, pp.329-340. 11. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2013). Study on properties of bricks manufactured using fly ash and pond ash. Pollution Research, 32(2), 405–409. 

12. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2014). Study on the flexural strength of coal ash brick masonry wall elements. Journal of Structural Engineering (India), 41(4), 410–419. 

13. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2016). Experimental Investigations on the Properties of Coal-Ash Brick Units as Green Building Materials. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 36(6), 318–325. 

14. Sudharsan, N, & Saravanaganesh, S. (2019). Feasibility studies on waste glass powder. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(8), 1644–1647. 

15. Sudharsan, N,& Sivalingam, K. (2019). Potential utilization of waste material for sustainable development in construction industry. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3), 3435–3438. 

16. Sudharsan, N., & Palanisamy, T. (2018). A comprehensive study on potential use of waste materials in brick for sustainable development. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 24, S339–S343.

Experimental Study on Concrete with Plastic Aggregates
Roobanbabu M
Pages: 17-24 | First Published: 05 Jun 2020
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Abstract
Taking into account expedient industrialization and urbanization in the nation, a bundle of foundation upgrades is occurring. This cycle has like this decided solicitations to humanity to manage the issues made by this unforeseen development. The issues depicted are outstanding inadequacy of constructional materials, broadened capability of waste, and different things. In this undertaking, M30 grade concrete is taken, and squander plastic is utilized as a modifier. Plastic waste was consolidated rate, for example, 5%, 10%, and 15% to supplant the extent of sand. Tests were facilitated on coarse totals, fine wholes, concrete, and modifiers (plastic waste) to pick their real properties. Squares, chambers, and diamonds were anticipated for seven and 28day's quality. These tests uncovered that the ideal modifier content was discovered to be 5% by the sand's generosity. The evaluations found that the ideal plastic waste substance was 5%, and the quality was found to be equivalent to the revealed strong cement. The liberal works utilizing modifiers can be used for headway.
Keywords; Compressive quality, Flexural Strength, tube formed model,

References
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3. Use of recycled plastic bag waste in the concrete-YoucefGhernouti, Bahia Rabehi, Brahim Safi, RabahChaid. Volume 8, 1997.
4. Incorporation of fine plastic aggregate in rendering mortars-Alexandra M. da Silva, Jorge de Brito, RosárioVeiga, 2014.
5. Influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete containing recycled plastic aggregate-Luís Ferreira, Jorge de Brito, NabajyotiSaikia, 2012.
6. Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete- JianzhuangXiaoa, Jiabin Lia, Ch. Zhangb, Cement and Concrete Research (2005).
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8. Recycled plastic aggregate in mortars composition: effect on physical and mechanical properties-F. Iucolano, B. Liguori, D. Caputo, F. Colangelo, R. Cioffi, Materials and Design 52 (2013).
9. Use of plastic waste as aggregate in cement mortar and concrete preparation- NabajyotiSaikia, Jorge de Brito, Construction and Building Materials (2012).
10. Plastic shrinkage and cracking risk of recycled aggregates concrete-Ahmed Z. Bendimerad, Emmanuel Rozière, Ahmed Loukili, Construction and Building Materials (2016).
11. Post-fire mechanical performance of concrete made with selected plastic waste aggregates-J.R. Correia, J.S. Lima,J. de Brito, Cement & Concrete Composites, 2014.
12. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2013). Study on properties of bricks manufactured using fly ash and pond ash. Pollution Research, 32(2), 405–409.
13. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2014). Study on the flexural strength of coal ash brick masonry wall elements. Journal of Structural Engineering (India), 41(4), 410–419.
14. Sudharsan, N, & Saravanaganesh, S. (2019). Feasibility studies on waste glass powder. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(8), 1644–1647.
15. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2016). Experimental Investigations on the Properties of Coal-Ash Brick Units as Green Building Materials. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 36(6), 318–325.
16. Sudharsan, N,& Sivalingam, K. (2019). Potential utilization of waste material for sustainable development in construction industry. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3), 3435–3438.

Validation of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor
S. Sakthivel Murugan
Pages: 25-34 | First Published: 05 Jun 2020
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Abstract
Poultry butcher houses produce enormous volumes of wastewater with astoundingly charged in dissolvable and insoluble organics. These wastewater contains huge degrees of organics, for instance, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrogen and Phosphorus from, for instance, blood, fat, oil, and proteins. Adequate treatment of this wastewater is fundamental before discharge as a result of the development of common issue. Poultry definition, prepared foul taking everything into account and especially those regarded for their meat and egg, as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and guinea foul. Anaerobic wastewater treatment offers different focal points including low ooze yield, energy recovery, slop amassing capacities, and low enhancement need. The goal is to diminish the proportion of sludge that ought to be masterminded. The most extensively used procedure for overflow treatment is anaerobic ingestion. In this cycle, a tremendous division of the characteristic issue (cells) is isolated into carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), and this is developed without oxygen. About segment of the entirety is then changed over into gases, while the remainder of dried and transforms into an excess soil-like material. The purpose of this work is to endorse the display of Expended Granular Sludge Bed Reactor (EGSB) to treat the butcher house wastewater in a clear up stream way, expected to take out high COD capability coming about as a result of high biomass upkeep in the structure.


Keywords: Slaughtterhouse granular slop bed reactor, waste water, etc,
 

References
1. Ameen Sarairah and Ahmad Jamrah (2008) “Characterization and Assessment of Treatability of Wastewater Generated in Amman Slaughterhouse”, Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 35, No. 2008
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3. Budiyono, Widiasa, and Seno Johari (2010) Study on Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater by Electro-coagulation Technique. Internat. J. of Sci. and Eng. Vol. 1(1):25-28, July 2010, Budiyono et al. ISSN : 2086-5023 (online version)25 

4. Budiyono (2011) “Study on Slaughterhouse Wastes Potency and Characteristic for Biogas Production”, Internat. J. of Waste Resources, Vol. 1(2):4-7, Sept. 2011,
5. Ciro Bustillo-Lecompte, Mehrab Mehrvar, Edgar Quiñones-Bolaños (2016) “Slaughterhouse Wastewater Characterization and Treatment :An Economic and Public Health Necessity of the Meat Processing Industry in Ontario, Canada.Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2016, 4, 175-186.
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9. Gasca and López (2010), “Kinetics of Organic Matter Degradation in an Upflow Anaerobic Filter Using Slaughterhouse Wastewater”, Volume 1• Issue 2•1000106 Research Article open access Freely available
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11. Javed Ahmad and Touseef A. Ansari . (2012) “Biogas from Slaughterhouse Waste: Towards an Energy Self-Sufficient Industry with Economical Analysis in India,ISSN:1948-5948 JMBT, an open access journal.
12. Kabdaşlı (2009), “Application of struvite precipitation coupled with biological treatment to slaughterhouse wastewaters”, Environmental Technology Vol. 30, No. 10, September 2009, 1095–1101ISSN 0959-3330 print/ISSN 1479-487X online © 2009 Taylor & Francis
13. Mariana Manzoni Maroneze (2014) “Treatment of cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater and the of sludge for biodiesel production by microalgal heterotrophic bioreactors”, Sci. Agric. v.71, n.6, p.521-524.
14. Massé D.I and Masse L. (2000)“Characterization Of Wastewater From Hog Slaughterhouses In Eastern Canadaand Evaluation Of Their In-Plant Wastewater Treatment Systems ,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada”, P.O. Box 90, 2000 Route 108 East, Lennoxville, QC, Canada J1M 1Z3. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada contribution No. 660.
15. Metcaf and Eddy(2003), “ Text book on Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse”.
16. Miranda L. A. S (2005) “A full-scale uasb reactor for treatment of pig and cattle slaughterhouse wastewater with a high oil and grease content”, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering,Vol. 22, No. 04, pp. 601 - 610,
17. Natássia Jersak Cosmann1*, Benedito Martins Gomes2, Simone Damasceno Gomes2, Ana Paula Resende Simiqueli3 and Glaucia Maria Pastore3 (2017) “Use of biosurfactant surfactin produced from cassava wastewater for anaerobic treatment of effluent from a poultry slaughterhouse, Vol. 16(5), pp. 224-231, 1 February, 2017 18. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2016). Experimental Investigations on the Properties of Coal-Ash Brick Units as Green Building Materials. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 36(6), 318–325. 19. Sudharsan, N., & Grant, B. C. J. (2018). Comparison of static response of laced reinforced concrete beams with conventional reinforced concrete beams by numerical investigations. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(8), 700–704
20. Ping F. Wu and Gauri S. (2011) “Characterization of provincial inspected slaughterhouse wastewater in Ontario, Canada, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada”, N1G 2W1,Volume 53.
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22. Rajakumar R. (2010) “Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater in upflow anaerobicfilter under low upflowvelocity”, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 8 (1), 149-158, Winter 2011.
23. Seni Karnchanawong and Wachara Phajee(2009), “Effects of Upflow Liquid Velocity on Performance of Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) System”, International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:3 2009
24. Stets (2014), “Microbial community and performance of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment filters”, Genetics and Molecular Research 13 (2): 4444-4455 (2014). 25. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2013). Study on properties of bricks manufactured using fly ash and pond ash. Pollution Research, 32(2), 405–409. 26. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2014). Study on the flexural strength of coal ash brick masonry wall elements. Journal of Structural Engineering (India), 41(4), 410–419.
27. N. Sudharsan, T. Palanisamy, S. C. Yaragal, (2018), Environmental sustainability of waste glass as a valuable construction material - A critical review. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 24 pp. S331–S338. 28. Sudharsan, N, & Saravanaganesh, S. (2019). Feasibility studies on waste glass powder. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(8), 1644–1647.

Computations of Consequence Factors Causing Delays in Construction Project
T. Sathish kumar
Pages: 35-43 | First Published: 05 Jun 2020
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Abstract
Improvement deferrals can be portrayed as the delay in finish of work diverged from the organized schedule or arrangement plan. Advancement deferments can be restricted exactly when their causes are recognized. The objective of this examination was to perceive the critical explanations behind advancement delays, the effects of deferments, and methods for restricting improvement delays. This examination was done reliant on composing review and a survey outline. Different social affairs were added to the purpose behind advancement delays, factors that impacts deferrals and procedures for restricting improvement delays were recognized subject to composing overview. The survey diagram was scattered to the target respondent in and around Coimbatore. The objectives of the examination were viably cultivated. The top most huge segments that additional to the explanations behind deferrals were late in reconsidering and attesting design reports, delays in sub-contract based laborers work, and defenseless correspondence and coordination change orders by owner during improvement. Legally binding laborer related deferrals was situated the principle social affairs that cause delays, followed by client related deferments, and master related deferments. Time and cost overpower were the normal effects of deferments being developed endeavors .To restrict delays being developed endeavors it has been recognized that the top reasonable methods for restricting advancement delays consolidates: site the load up and oversight, convincing imperative masterminding, and clear information and correspondence channel.
Keywords: Construction Project, Construction Delays, Schedule Analysis, Relative hugeness list, Gantt diagram.

References
1. AdanEnshassi (2009), ‘Delays and Cost Overruns in the Construction Projects in the Gaza Strip’, Journal of Financial Management of property and Construction, Vol.14, No.02, pp. 126-151.
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4. Charles TeyeAmoatey, YaaAsabeaAmeyaw, Ebenezer AdakuandSamuelFamiyeh (2015), ‘Analysing Delay Causes and Effects in Ghanaian State Housing Construction Projects’, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, Vol. 8, pp.198-214.
5. David Cooke, Thomas Rohleder and Paul Rogers, (2010), ‘A Dynamic Model of the Systemic Causes for Patient Treatment Delays in Emergency Departments’,Journal of Modelling in Management, Vol.5, pp. 287-301. 

7. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2014). Study on the flexural strength of coal ash brick masonry wall elements. Journal of Structural Engineering (India), 41(4), 410–419. 

8. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2016). Experimental Investigations on the Properties of Coal-Ash Brick Units as Green Building Materials. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 36(6), 318–325. 

9. Sudharsan, N., & Grant, B. C. J. (2018). Comparison of static response of laced reinforced concrete beams with conventional reinforced concrete beams by numerical investigations. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(8), 700–704
10. N. Sudharsan, T. Palanisamy, S. C. Yaragal, (2018), Environmental sustainability of waste glass as a valuable construction material - A critical review. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 24 pp. S331–S338. 11. Vidhya, K., & Kandasamy, S. (2013). Study on properties of bricks manufactured using fly ash and pond ash. Pollution Research, 32(2), 405–409.