Abstract
The institution of the khanqah (Sufi hospice) has played a crucial role in the spiritual, social, and cultural landscape of India since the advent of Sufism in the subcontinent. Originating as centers of Sufi teaching, hospitality, and devotion, khanqahs evolved over centuries, adapting to changing socio-political contexts while retaining their core spiritual functions. This paper explores the historical evolution of khanqahs in India, analyzing their transformation from medieval times to the contemporary period. It examines how khanqahs functioned as centers of religious instruction, social welfare, and interfaith dialogue during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods. The study also considers the impact of colonial rule and modernity on these institutions, leading to changes in their administration, funding, and societal roles. While many khanqahs continue to serve as spiritual and cultural hubs, others have experienced decline due to urbanization, loss of patronage, and the waning influence of traditional Sufi orders. The research is based on historical texts, inscriptions, and field studies of select khanqahs in India, particularly those associated with the Chishti and Qadiri Sufi orders. The paper argues that despite significant changes, khanqahs remain vital to India’s religious and cultural fabric, maintaining their significanceThe study concludes that the adaptability of khanqahs reflects the dynamic nature
of Indian Sufism, balancing continuity with change to sustain their relevance in
contemporary society.
Keywords: Khanqah, Sufism, Indian history, religious institutions, cultural continuity
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