Abstract
The increasing generation of industrial waste due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and infrastructure development has created significant environmental and resource management challenges worldwide. Simultaneously, the construction industry continues to rely heavily on virgin raw materials, leading to resource depletion and increased carbon emissions. In response to these challenges, the circular economy has emerged as a sustainable approach that promotes the reuse and recycling of industrial by-products as secondary raw materials. This study presents a systematic review of the sustainable utilization of triple-industrial waste for manufacturing high-performance eco-tiles within a circular economy framework. The review focuses on five major industrial waste materials—fly ash, ceramic waste, steel slag, marble dust, and granite powder—and evaluates their potential to replace conventional raw materials in ceramic tile production.
A secondary research methodology based on the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach was adopted. Relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 were collected from internationally recognized databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, MDPI, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. The selected literature was analyzed using thematic analysis, comparative analysis, content analysis, and critical literature synthesis to examine waste utilization, eco-tile manufacturing processes, mechanical performance, environmental impacts, and circular economy contributions.
The review reveals that industrial waste incorporation significantly enhances the compressive strength, abrasion resistance, durability, and dimensional stability of eco-tiles while reducing water absorption, virgin raw material consumption, landfill disposal, and greenhouse gas emissions. The findings further indicate that triple-industrial waste systems offer greater engineering and environmental benefits than single- or binary-waste approaches because of the complementary physical and chemical properties of different waste materials. However, the review also identifies limited research on standardized mix optimization, long-term durability assessment, life cycle evaluation, and the integrated application of triple-industrial waste in eco-tile manufacturing. The study concludes that the sustainable utilization of multiple industrial wastes represents a promising strategy for developing high-performance eco-tiles, promoting resource efficiency, advancing circular economy principles, and supporting sustainable construction and green infrastructure development.
Keywords: Triple-Industrial Waste; Eco-Tiles; Sustainable Construction Materials; Circular Economy; Fly Ash; Ceramic Waste; Steel Slag; Marble Dust; Granite Powder; Industrial Waste Recycling; Mechanical Performance; Environmental Sustainability.
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